Lab 4: Tree Recursion, Data Abstraction
Due by 11:59pm on Wednesday, February 21.
Starter Files
Download lab04.zip. Inside the archive, you will find starter files for the questions in this lab, along with a copy of the Ok autograder.
Required Questions
Dictionaries
Consult the drop-down if you need a refresher on dictionaries. It's okay to skip directly to the questions and refer back here should you get stuck.
A dictionary contains key-value pairs and allows the values to be looked up by their key using square brackets. Each key must be unique.
>>> d = {2: 4, 'two': ['four'], (1, 1): 4}
>>> d[2]
4
>>> d['two']
['four']
>>> d[(1, 1)]
4
The sequence of keys or values or key-value pairs can be accessed using .keys()
or .values()
or .items()
.
>>> for k in d.keys():
... print(k)
...
2
two
(1, 1)
>>> for v in d.values():
... print(v)
...
4
['four']
4
>>> for k, v in d.items():
... print(k, v)
...
2 4
two ['four']
(1, 1) 4
You can check whether a dictionary contains a key using in
:
>>> 'two' in d
True
>>> 4 in d
False
A dictionary comprehension is an expression that evaluates to a new dictionary.
>>> {3*x: 3*x + 1 for x in range(2, 5)}
{6: 7, 9: 10, 12: 13}
Q1: Dictionaries
Use Ok to test your knowledge with the following "What Would Python Display?" questions:
python3 ok -q pokemon -u
>>> pokemon = {'pikachu': 25, 'dragonair': 148, 'mew': 151}
>>> pokemon['pikachu']
______25
>>> len(pokemon)
______3
>>> 'mewtwo' in pokemon
______False
>>> 'pikachu' in pokemon
______True
>>> 25 in pokemon
______False
>>> 148 in pokemon.values()
______True
>>> 151 in pokemon.keys()
______False
>>> 'mew' in pokemon.keys()
______True
Q2: Divide
Implement divide
, which takes two lists of positive integers quotients
and divisors
. It returns a dictionary whose keys are the elements of quotients
. For each key q
, its corresponding value is a list of all the elements of divisors
that can be evenly divided by q
.
Hint: The value for each key needs be a list, so list comprehension might be useful here.
def divide(quotients, divisors):
"""Return a dictonary in which each quotient q is a key for the list of
divisors that it divides evenly.
>>> divide([3, 4, 5], [8, 9, 10, 11, 12])
{3: [9, 12], 4: [8, 12], 5: [10]}
>>> divide(range(1, 5), range(20, 25))
{1: [20, 21, 22, 23, 24], 2: [20, 22, 24], 3: [21, 24], 4: [20, 24]}
"""
return {____: ____ for ____ in ____}
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q divide
Q3: Buying Fruit
Implement buy
, which takes a list of required_fruits
(strings), a dictionary prices
(strings for key, positive integers for value), and a total_amount
(integer). It prints all the ways to buy some of each required fruit so that the total price equals total_amount
. You must include at least one of every fruit in required_fruit
and cannot include any other fruits that are not in required_fruit
.
The
display
function will be helpful. You can calldisplay
on afruit
and itscount
to create a string containing both.What does
fruits
andamount
represent? How are they used in the recursive?
def buy(required_fruits, prices, total_amount):
"""Print ways to buy some of each fruit so that the sum of prices is amount.
>>> prices = {'oranges': 4, 'apples': 3, 'bananas': 2, 'kiwis': 9}
>>> buy(['apples', 'oranges', 'bananas'], prices, 12)
[2 apples][1 orange][1 banana]
>>> buy(['apples', 'oranges', 'bananas'], prices, 16)
[2 apples][1 orange][3 bananas]
[2 apples][2 oranges][1 banana]
>>> buy(['apples', 'kiwis'], prices, 36)
[3 apples][3 kiwis]
[6 apples][2 kiwis]
[9 apples][1 kiwi]
"""
def add(fruits, amount, cart):
if fruits == [] and amount == 0:
print(cart)
elif fruits and amount > 0:
fruit = fruits[0]
price = ____
for k in ____:
add(____, ____, ____)
add(required_fruits, total_amount, '')
def display(fruit, count):
"""Display a count of a fruit in square brackets.
>>> display('apples', 3)
'[3 apples]'
>>> display('apples', 1)
'[1 apple]'
"""
assert count >= 1 and fruit[-1] == 's'
if count == 1:
fruit = fruit[:-1] # get rid of the plural s
return '[' + str(count) + ' ' + fruit + ']'
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q buy
Data Abstraction
Consult the drop-down if you need a refresher on data abstraction. It's okay to skip directly to the questions and refer back here should you get stuck.
A data abstraction is a set of functions that compose and decompose compound values. One function called the constructor puts together two or more parts into a whole (such as a rational number; also known as a fraction), and other functions called selectors return parts of that whole (such as the numerator or denominator).
def rational(n, d):
"Return a fraction n / d for integers n and d."
def numer(r):
"Return the numerator of rational number r."
def denom(r):
"Return the denominator of rational number r."
Crucially, one can use a data abstraction without knowing how these functions are implemented. For example, we (humans) can verify that mul_rationals
is implemented correctly just by knowing what rational
, numer
, and denom
do without knowing how they are implemented.
def mul_rationals(r1, r2):
"Return the rational number r1 * r2."
return rational(numer(r1) * numer(r2), denom(r1) * denom(r2))
However, for Python to run the program, the data abstraction requires an implementation. Using knowledge of the implementation crosses the abstraction barrier, which separates the part of a program that depends on the implementation of the data abstraction from the part that does not. A well-written program typically will minimize the amount of code that depends on the implementation so that the implementation can be changed later on without requiring much code to be rewritten.
When using a data abstraction that has been provided, write your program so that it will still be correct even if the implementation of the data abstraction changes.
Cities
Say we have a data abstraction for cities. A city has a name, a latitude coordinate, and a longitude coordinate.
Our data abstraction has one constructor:
make_city(name, lat, lon)
: Creates a city object with the given name, latitude, and longitude.
We also have the following selectors in order to get the information for each city:
get_name(city)
: Returns the city's nameget_lat(city)
: Returns the city's latitudeget_lon(city)
: Returns the city's longitude
Here is how we would use the constructor and selectors to create cities and extract their information:
>>> berkeley = make_city('Berkeley', 122, 37)
>>> get_name(berkeley)
'Berkeley'
>>> get_lat(berkeley)
122
>>> new_york = make_city('New York City', 74, 40)
>>> get_lon(new_york)
40
All of the selector and constructor functions can be found in the lab file if you are curious to see how they are implemented. However, the point of data abstraction is that, when writing a program about cities, we do not need to know the implementation.
Q4: Distance
We will now implement the function distance
, which computes the distance between two city objects. Recall that the distance between two coordinate pairs (x1, y1)
and (x2, y2)
can be found by calculating the sqrt
of (x1 - x2)**2 + (y1 - y2)**2
. We have already imported sqrt
for your convenience. Use the latitude and longitude of a city as its coordinates; you'll need to use the selectors to access this info!
from math import sqrt
def distance(city_a, city_b):
"""
>>> city_a = make_city('city_a', 0, 1)
>>> city_b = make_city('city_b', 0, 2)
>>> distance(city_a, city_b)
1.0
>>> city_c = make_city('city_c', 6.5, 12)
>>> city_d = make_city('city_d', 2.5, 15)
>>> distance(city_c, city_d)
5.0
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q distance
Q5: Closer City
Next, implement closer_city
, a function that takes a latitude, longitude, and two cities, and returns the name of the city that is closer to the provided latitude and longitude.
You may only use the selectors and constructors introduced above and the distance
function you just defined for this question.
Hint: How can you use your
distance
function to find the distance between the given location and each of the given cities?
def closer_city(lat, lon, city_a, city_b):
"""
Returns the name of either city_a or city_b, whichever is closest to
coordinate (lat, lon). If the two cities are the same distance away
from the coordinate, consider city_b to be the closer city.
>>> berkeley = make_city('Berkeley', 37.87, 112.26)
>>> stanford = make_city('Stanford', 34.05, 118.25)
>>> closer_city(38.33, 121.44, berkeley, stanford)
'Stanford'
>>> bucharest = make_city('Bucharest', 44.43, 26.10)
>>> vienna = make_city('Vienna', 48.20, 16.37)
>>> closer_city(41.29, 174.78, bucharest, vienna)
'Bucharest'
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q closer_city
Q6: Don't violate the abstraction barrier!
Note: this question has no code-writing component (if you implemented the previous two questions correctly).
When writing functions that use a data abstraction, we should use the constructor(s) and selector(s) whenever possible instead of assuming the data abstraction's implementation. Relying on a data abstraction's underlying implementation is known as violating the abstraction barrier.
It's possible that you passed the doctests for the previous questions even if you violated the abstraction barrier. To check whether or not you did so, run the following command:
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q check_city_abstraction
The check_city_abstraction
function exists only for the doctest, which swaps out the implementations of the original abstraction with something else, runs the tests from the previous two parts, then restores the original abstraction.
The nature of the abstraction barrier guarantees that changing the implementation of an data abstraction shouldn't affect the functionality of any programs that use that data abstraction, as long as the constructors and selectors were used properly.
If you passed the Ok tests for the previous questions but not this one, the fix is simple! Just replace any code that violates the abstraction barrier with the appropriate constructor or selector.
Make sure that your functions pass the tests with both the first and the second implementations of the data abstraction and that you understand why they should work for both before moving on.
Check Your Score Locally
You can locally check your score on each question of this assignment by running
python3 ok --score
This does NOT submit the assignment! When you are satisfied with your score, submit the assignment to Gradescope to receive credit for it.
Submit
Submit this assignment by uploading any files you've edited to the appropriate Gradescope assignment. Lab 00 has detailed instructions.
In addition, all students who are not in the mega lab must complete this attendance form. Submit this form each week, whether you attend lab or missed it for a good reason. The attendance form is not required for mega section students.